Efektivitas dan Efek Samping Kontrasepsi Non-Hormonal: Tinjauan Literatur dari Berbagai Pendekatan dan Metode
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71417/galen.v2i1.188Kata Kunci:
kontrasepsi non-hormonal; efektivitas; efek samping; IUD tembaga; metode alami; sterilisasi.Abstrak
Kontrasepsi non-hormonal merupakan alternatif penting dalam pengendalian kelahiran dan kesehatan reproduksi, khususnya bagi perempuan yang tidak dapat atau tidak ingin menggunakan metode berbasis hormon. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas, keamanan, dan efek samping berbagai metode kontrasepsi non-hormonal berdasarkan bukti ilmiah terkini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode tinjauan literatur melalui pencarian artikel pada basis data PubMed dan diperoleh 21 jurnal internasional yang relevan. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk mengidentifikasi mekanisme kerja, tingkat efektivitas, serta potensi risiko masing-masing metode. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas kontrasepsi non-hormonal sangat dipengaruhi oleh kepatuhan dan pengetahuan pengguna. Kondom efektif dalam mencegah kehamilan dan infeksi menular seksual apabila digunakan secara konsisten dan benar, meskipun dapat menimbulkan reaksi alergi pada sebagian pengguna. Spermisida yang mengandung nonoxynol-9 tidak terbukti melindungi terhadap HIV dan berpotensi meningkatkan iritasi mukosa vagina. Metode alami seperti Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) memiliki efektivitas tinggi (>98%) apabila memenuhi kriteria menyusui eksklusif, sedangkan Fertility Awareness-Based Methods (FABM) efektif bila dilakukan dengan pemantauan suhu basal dan lendir serviks secara tepat. IUD tembaga memiliki efektivitas lebih dari 99% serta aman untuk penggunaan jangka panjang, meskipun dapat menyebabkan peningkatan perdarahan menstruasi pada awal pemakaian. Metode permanen seperti tubektomi dan vasektomi juga terbukti sangat efektif dan aman secara klinis. Disimpulkan bahwa kontrasepsi non-hormonal merupakan pilihan yang aman dan fisiologis, namun keberhasilannya bergantung pada edukasi, konseling tenaga kesehatan, dan kedisiplinan pengguna.
Unduhan
Referensi
Al-Assadi, H. A. L., Al-Rubai, S., & Fouad, H. Q. (2022). Menstrual Disorders Following Tubal Ligation. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 16(3), 194-198. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/ijfmt.xxxx.16322.35
Amundsen, R., & Ramakrishnan, K. (2018). Vasectomy: A "Seminal" Analysis. Southern Medical Journal, 111(2), 115-120. https://sma.org/southern-medical-journal /article/vasectomy-a-seminal-analysis/
Barot, S. (2018).Sexual and reproductive health benefits of barrier methods. Guttmacher Policy Review, 21(2), 7-14.
Borgatta, L., & Rothenberg, R. (2021). Permanent contraception: Updates on safety and long-term outcomes of tubal ligation and vasectomy. Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinics of North America, 48(4), 789-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2021.08.006
Black, A., Guilbert, E., & Costescu, D. (2016). The safety of intrauterine devices among young women: A systematic review. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 38(4), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2015.11.020
Dienye, P. O., & Gbeneol, P. Κ. (2011). Contraception as a risk factor for urinary tract infection in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: A case-control study. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 3(1), 207. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v3i
Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). (2015). Fertility Awareness Methods: Clinical Guidance. London: Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.fsrh.org/
Goldstuck, N. D., & Steyn, P. S. (2013). The intrauterine device in women with bleeding disorders: A review. Contraception, 87(4), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2012 .09.020
Grimes, D. A., Gallo, M. F., Grigorieva, V., Nanda, K., & Schulz, K. F. (2005). Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception, 72(2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2005 .02.010
Horner, J. R., Romer, D., Vanable, P. A., et al. (2009). Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus) as a Sexual Risk Reduction Strategy: Perspectives from African-American Adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 779-787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9400-0
Hoyt-Austin, A., Finn, S., & colleagues. (2023). Understanding of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method among U.S. pregnant women. Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(8), 621-625. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2023.0105
Hubacher, D., & Grimes, D. A. (2002). Nonhormonal intrauterine devices: Advantages and disadvantages. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 187(3), S36-S43. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.125580
Kippley, J., & Kippley, S. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of the sympto-thermal method of fertility awareness. Journal of Reproductive Health, 14(2), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-0879-2
Kennedy, K. I., Rivera, R., & McNeilly, A. S. (1989). Consensus statement on the use of breastfeeding as a family planning method. Contraception, 39(5), 477-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010 -7824(89)90022-9
Labrecque, M., Dufresne, C., Barone, M. A., & St-Hilaire, K. (2004). Vasectomy surgical techniques: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-2-21
Mahoney, J. F., & Colleagues. (2025). Interest in New Methods of Male Contraception among Individuals with Prior Vasectomy in the United States. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 10(1), 24-31. https://contraceptionmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186 /s40834-025-00369-0
Peterson, H. B., Xia, Z., Hughes, J. M., Wilcox, L. S., Tylor, L. R., & Trussell, J. (1996). The risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization: Findings from the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 174(4), 1161-1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70652-6
Sharma, A., & colleagues. (2018). Desire for lasting long in bed led to contact allergic dermatitis and subsequent superficial penile gangrene. BMJ Case Reports, 2018, bcr-2018-227351. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227351
Thijssen, A., Meuleman, C., & Ombelet, W. (2014). Fertility awareness-based methods and subfertility: A systematic review. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn, 6(3), 113-123.
Tabbaa, S., Hambright, S., Sikes, K. J., Levy, G., & Rydfors, J. (2024). The effectiveness of cervical mucus electrical impedance compared to basal body temperature to determine fertility window. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 9(20). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-024-00276-W
Wilkinson, D., Ramjee, G., Tholandi, M., & Rutherford, G. W. (2002). Nonoxynol-9 for preventing vaginal acquisitio of HIV infection by women from men. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD003936. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Ikha Nurul 'Ain, Hughes Syamsinar, Windri Sipa Annisa, Nur’aqilah Az Zahra, Ria Yulianti Triwahyuningsih (Author)
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
